If you are researching PGT in Thailand, you may be trying to picture what actually happens to an embryo after fertilisation. In simple terms, the pathway usually moves from the embryology laboratory, where embryos are cultured and monitored, to a biopsy step, then to a genetics laboratory for testing, and finally to a report that your clinical team interprets. The exact sequence, who performs each step, and how results are communicated can vary by clinic. This guide explains the general pathway and gives you questions to ask so you can confirm the details that matter for your situation.
At a glance
- The embryology laboratory handles embryo culture, monitoring, and often the biopsy procedure.
- The genetics laboratory receives the biopsy sample and performs the PGT analysis.
- Reporting includes both the laboratory result and the clinical interpretation.
- Communication and documentation practices differ between providers.
- You can ask direct questions to clarify the pathway before you commit.
Why the laboratory pathway matters for your decision
PGT involves several technical steps, but you do not need to become a scientist to make informed choices. What matters is knowing who does what, where your embryos and samples go, how long each stage takes, and how you will receive information. Because clinics organise their laboratories differently, the same terms can mean different things in practice. Some clinics have in-house embryology and genetics laboratories, while others may send samples to a partner laboratory. Understanding the pathway helps you ask better questions and set realistic expectations.
The general pathway from embryology to genetics reporting
The following sequence describes a typical PGT pathway. It is not a protocol, and your clinic may adjust the steps based on your medical situation and its own laboratory arrangements.
1. Embryo culture in the embryology laboratory
After egg retrieval and fertilisation, embryos are kept in a controlled environment. The embryology team monitors their development, often using time-lapse imaging or scheduled checks. The goal is to identify embryos that reach a suitable stage for biopsy, usually the blastocyst stage. Not all embryos will reach this stage, and the number available for testing can vary.
2. Biopsy
When an embryo is ready, a small sample of cells is taken from the outer layer (trophectoderm). This is called a biopsy. The biopsy is typically performed by an embryologist. The sample is then prepared for transport to the genetics laboratory. The embryo itself is usually frozen after biopsy while waiting for results, though protocols can differ.
3. Genetics laboratory analysis
The genetics laboratory receives the biopsy sample and performs the requested PGT analysis. Common types include PGT-A (for chromosomal number), PGT-M (for a specific inherited condition), and PGT-SR (for structural rearrangements). The laboratory may use methods such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or other techniques. The time needed for analysis depends on the test and the laboratory’s workflow.
4. Reporting and clinical interpretation
Once analysis is complete, the genetics laboratory issues a report. This report is sent to your clinic’s clinical team, who interpret it in the context of your medical history. The clinic then communicates the results to you, often in a consultation. The report may classify embryos as suitable for transfer, not suitable, or sometimes inconclusive. Your clinician will explain what the results mean for your next steps.
Questions to ask about the embryology laboratory
These questions can help you understand the first part of the pathway. Ask for written answers if possible, so you can review them later.
- Who will monitor my embryos, and what is their role?
- How often are embryos checked, and is time-lapse imaging used?
- What criteria are used to decide which embryos proceed to biopsy?
- What happens to embryos that are not biopsied or not suitable for testing?
- How are embryos labelled and tracked to avoid mix-ups?
Questions to ask about the genetics laboratory and biopsy
The biopsy and genetics analysis are closely linked. These questions focus on the sample and the testing process.
- Who performs the biopsy, and how many biopsies do they typically perform?
- Is the genetics testing done in-house or sent to an external laboratory?
- If external, which laboratory is used, and how is the sample transported?
- What PGT method is used, and what does the test look for?
- How long does it usually take to receive results?
- What are the limitations of the test, and what does an inconclusive result mean?
Questions to ask about communication and documentation
Clear communication and reliable documentation are essential for informed decision-making. These questions help you understand how information will flow between you, the clinic, and the laboratories.
- Who is my main point of contact for laboratory questions?
- How will I receive updates during the culture and testing period?
- Will I receive a written report from the genetics laboratory?
- Can I get a copy of the embryology and genetics reports for my records?
- How are results explained to me, and can I ask follow-up questions?
- What is the process if I need to clarify something in the report?
How to evaluate a clinic’s laboratory pathway
When comparing clinics, you can use the questions above as a checklist. Pay attention to how clearly the clinic describes its laboratory arrangements, whether it provides written information, and how it handles communication. Some clinics may have in-house laboratories, while others work with partners. Neither approach is automatically better; what matters is transparency and whether the pathway fits your needs.
You can also ask about quality standards. For example, some laboratories hold certifications such as ISO 15189 or participate in external quality assessment schemes. If a clinic mentions accreditation, ask what specific scope is covered and whether it applies to the genetics laboratory. You can find more guidance on evaluating providers in our hospital directory and hospital rankings, and review our editorial policy for how we select and present information.
Next-step checklist
- Write down your top three questions about the laboratory pathway.
- Request a written summary of the clinic’s embryology and genetics laboratory arrangements.
- Ask for a sample report (with identifiers removed) to see what information you will receive.
- Confirm who will explain the results and when.
- Keep copies of all reports and correspondence.
Remember that this guide provides general information, not medical advice. Laboratory pathways and testing options can change, and your clinic is the best source for details about your specific situation. Use these questions to start a conversation and to make sure you understand each step before you proceed.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between the embryology laboratory and the genetics laboratory in PGT?
The embryology laboratory handles embryo culture, monitoring, and often the biopsy procedure. The genetics laboratory receives the biopsy sample and performs the PGT analysis. They may be in the same facility or separate, depending on the clinic.
How long does it take to get PGT results in Thailand?
The time can vary depending on the laboratory's workflow and the specific test. Ask your clinic for an estimated timeframe and how you will be notified.
Can I choose which genetics laboratory is used for my PGT?
This depends on the clinic's arrangements. Some clinics work exclusively with certain laboratories. You can ask whether there are options and how the laboratory is selected.
What should I do if I don't understand the genetics report?
Ask your clinic's clinical team to explain the report in plain language. You can also request a copy of the report and prepare specific questions about any terms or results that are unclear.
Are laboratory certifications important for PGT?
Certifications can indicate that a laboratory meets certain quality standards, but they do not guarantee outcomes. Ask what specific certifications the laboratory holds and what they cover.
Continue your research
Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.
