At a glance
Understand key terms like euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, and inconclusive in your PGT results from a Thailand lab. Learn what each result means and how to discuss next steps with your doctor and genetic counselor.
Understanding Your PGT Results: A Step-by-Step Guide
Receiving your preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) results can be both exciting and overwhelming. This guide will help you understand the common terms and categories used in PGT reports from labs in Thailand. Remember, your results are a tool for decision-making, not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy child. Always discuss your specific results with your fertility doctor and a genetic counselor.
What Is PGT?
Preimplantation genetic testing is performed on embryos created through IVF before they are transferred to the uterus. A few cells are biopsied from the embryo and sent to a genetics lab for analysis. The results help identify which embryos have the correct number of chromosomes (euploid) and which have extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploid). Some embryos may show a mix of normal and abnormal cells (mosaic), and occasionally the test may not give a clear answer (inconclusive).
Key Terms in Your PGT Report
Euploid
A euploid embryo has the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans, 23 pairs). These embryos are considered chromosomally normal and are typically prioritized for transfer. However, euploid status does not guarantee that the embryo will implant, develop, or result in a healthy baby. Other factors, such as embryo morphology and maternal age, also play a role.
Aneuploid
An aneuploid embryo has an abnormal number of chromosomes—either missing one (monosomy) or having an extra one (trisomy). Most aneuploid embryos will not implant or will miscarry early. If they do implant, they may lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Aneuploid embryos are generally not recommended for transfer, but your doctor can explain the specific risks based on the type of aneuploidy.
Mosaic
A mosaic embryo has a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. The percentage of abnormal cells is reported (e.g., 20% mosaic). Mosaic embryos may still have the potential to develop into a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal abnormalities is higher than with a euploid embryo. The decision to transfer a mosaic embryo is complex and should be made with guidance from your fertility team and genetic counselor.
Inconclusive
Sometimes the lab cannot determine the chromosomal status of an embryo due to technical issues, such as insufficient DNA from the biopsy or poor sample quality. An inconclusive result does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may recommend re-biopsy or additional testing, but this is not always possible. Discuss the options with your doctor.
How to Read Your PGT Report
Your PGT report will typically include the following sections:
- Embryo ID: A unique identifier for each embryo tested.
- Biopsy date and lab: When and where the testing was performed.
- Chromosome analysis: A summary of each chromosome pair, often listed as normal (euploid), abnormal (aneuploid), or mosaic for specific chromosomes.
- Sex chromosomes: The report will indicate whether the embryo is XX (female) or XY (male), unless sex chromosome aneuploidy is present.
- Overall result: A final classification such as euploid, aneuploid, mosaic, or inconclusive.
Some reports include a visual representation of the chromosomes (karyogram) or a table with detailed findings. If you see terms like “trisomy 21” or “monosomy X,” these refer to specific chromosomal abnormalities. Your genetic counselor can explain what these mean for potential development.
Questions to Ask Your Doctor or Genetic Counselor
After reviewing your results, prepare a list of questions for your next appointment:
- What is the overall classification of each embryo?
- For mosaic embryos: What is the percentage of abnormal cells? Which chromosomes are affected?
- What are the chances of a successful pregnancy with a euploid embryo?
- What are the risks associated with transferring a mosaic embryo?
- Are there any additional tests (e.g., preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders, PGT-M) that might be recommended?
- How does my age or medical history affect the interpretation of these results?
- What are the next steps in my treatment plan?
Important Considerations
PGT Is Not 100% Accurate
While PGT is highly reliable, it is not perfect. There is a small chance of misdiagnosis due to technical errors or mosaicism that is not detected. A euploid result does not guarantee a healthy baby, and an aneuploid result does not always mean the embryo is incapable of producing a live birth. Discuss the limitations with your provider.
Genetic Counseling Is Essential
A genetic counselor can help you understand the medical implications of your results, especially for mosaic or aneuploid embryos. They can also discuss reproductive options, including whether to transfer, discard, or donate embryos for research. Many fertility clinics in Thailand offer genetic counseling services or can refer you to one.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
Thailand has regulations regarding the use of PGT and embryo selection. Your clinic will guide you on what is permitted. For example, sex selection for non-medical reasons is generally not allowed. Confirm with your clinic the legal framework that applies to your situation.
Next Steps After Receiving Your Results
- Review the report carefully and note any terms you do not understand.
- Schedule a consultation with your fertility doctor to discuss the results in the context of your overall treatment plan.
- Request a referral to a genetic counselor if you have complex results or concerns.
- Consider your options for each embryo: transfer, freeze for future use, discard, or donate to research.
- Take your time—there is no rush to make a decision. Your embryos can remain frozen while you gather information.
Resources for Support
For more information, visit our patient resources page or FAQ section. If you have specific questions about your results, contact us to speak with a coordinator who can help you connect with your clinic.
Frequently asked questions
What does euploid mean in PGT results?
Euploid means the embryo has the correct number of chromosomes (46 total, 23 pairs). These embryos are considered chromosomally normal and are often prioritized for transfer, but they do not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby.
What is a mosaic embryo?
A mosaic embryo has a mixture of normal (euploid) and abnormal (aneuploid) cells. The percentage of abnormal cells is reported. Mosaic embryos may still lead to a healthy baby, but the risk of chromosomal issues is higher. Transfer decisions should be made with guidance from your doctor and genetic counselor.
Can I transfer an aneuploid embryo?
Aneuploid embryos have an abnormal number of chromosomes and are generally not recommended for transfer because they are unlikely to implant or may result in miscarriage or a child with a chromosomal disorder. However, in rare cases, your doctor may discuss the option based on the specific abnormality. Always consult your fertility team.
What does inconclusive mean in PGT?
Inconclusive means the lab could not determine the chromosomal status of the embryo due to technical issues like insufficient DNA. It does not necessarily mean the embryo is abnormal. Your clinic may suggest re-biopsy or additional testing, but this is not always possible.
Should I see a genetic counselor after getting PGT results?
Yes, especially if you have mosaic, aneuploid, or inconclusive results. A genetic counselor can explain the medical implications, help you understand risks, and discuss your options for embryo transfer or other reproductive choices.
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Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.
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