What to Expect During PGT Biopsy in Thailand

If you are planning preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Thailand, you may wonder what happens on the day of the embryo biopsy. This guide explains the typical process, how embryos are handled, and what risks to consider. Remember that every clinic has its own protocols, so use this as a general orientation and confirm details with your fertility team.

At a Glance: PGT Biopsy Basics

• Biopsy is performed on embryos created through IVF, usually at the blastocyst stage.
• A few cells are removed from the outer layer of the embryo (trophectoderm) for genetic analysis.
• The procedure is done by an experienced embryologist in a specialized laboratory.
• Embryos are frozen while waiting for results, and a subsequent frozen embryo transfer is planned.
• PGT is not a guarantee of pregnancy or a healthy baby, and it is not necessary for everyone.

What Is PGT Biopsy?

PGT biopsy is a laboratory procedure that removes a small number of cells from an embryo to test for specific genetic conditions. There are different types of PGT: PGT-A (aneuploidy screening), PGT-M (monogenic disorders), and PGT-SR (structural rearrangements). The biopsy itself is similar regardless of the type, but the genetic analysis differs.

The biopsy is performed after fertilization in the IVF laboratory. It does not involve surgery on the patient; instead, it is a delicate micromanipulation of the embryo under a microscope.

When Does the Biopsy Happen?

In most IVF cycles, embryos are cultured for about five to six days until they reach the blastocyst stage. At this point, the embryo has two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (which becomes the fetus) and the trophectoderm (which becomes the placenta). The biopsy removes a few trophectoderm cells, which is considered safer than removing cells from the inner cell mass.

The exact timing may vary slightly depending on the clinic and the embryo’s development. Your embryologist will monitor the embryos and decide the optimal time for biopsy.

How Is the Biopsy Performed?

The biopsy is a precise procedure carried out by an experienced embryologist. Here is a general step-by-step overview:

1. Embryo immobilization: The blastocyst is held in place with a specialized holding pipette.
2. Laser or chemical opening: A small hole is made in the outer shell (zona pellucida) using a laser or chemical solution.
3. Cell removal: A few trophectoderm cells are gently aspirated or pulled out through the opening.
4. Cell processing: The removed cells are placed in a tube for genetic testing.
5. Embryo freezing: The biopsied embryo is then vitrified (frozen) while awaiting results.

The entire procedure takes only a few minutes per embryo, but it requires great skill and precision. The embryologist’s experience is crucial to minimize any potential damage to the embryo.

What Happens to the Embryo After Biopsy?

After the biopsy, the embryo is frozen. This is standard practice because genetic testing takes time, and the embryo needs to be preserved in optimal condition. Once the results are available, you and your doctor will discuss which embryos are suitable for transfer. A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is then planned for a future cycle.

Freezing also allows time for the results to be analyzed without rushing the transfer. The survival rate of frozen embryos is generally high, but it is not guaranteed.

Potential Risks and Limitations

PGT biopsy is generally considered safe, but it is not without risks. The main concerns include:

• Embryo damage: Although rare, the biopsy procedure can potentially harm the embryo, affecting its viability.
• Mosaicism: Some embryos may have a mix of normal and abnormal cells, which can make results unclear.
• No result: Occasionally, the biopsy may not yield enough DNA for analysis, leading to an inconclusive result.
• False results: No genetic test is 100% accurate. There is a small risk of false positives or negatives.

It is important to understand that PGT does not guarantee a successful pregnancy or a healthy baby. It is a screening tool that can reduce the risk of certain genetic conditions, but it cannot eliminate all risks.

Questions to Ask Your Clinic

Before undergoing PGT biopsy, consider asking your clinic the following questions:

• How many embryos typically reach the blastocyst stage?
• What is the experience level of the embryologists performing the biopsy?
• How long will it take to receive the genetic testing results?
• What is the clinic’s policy on mosaic embryos?
• How many embryos are usually biopsied in a cycle?
• What are the costs involved, and are there any additional fees?

Next Steps: Your Checklist

If you are planning PGT biopsy in Thailand, here is a simple checklist to guide you:

1. Confirm that your clinic offers PGT and has an experienced embryology team.
2. Discuss your medical history and genetic testing needs with your doctor.
3. Understand the timeline: IVF cycle, biopsy, freezing, and transfer.
4. Ask about the laboratory’s accreditation and quality standards.
5. Clarify the costs and what is included.
6. Plan for the emotional and physical aspects of the process.

For more information on PGT in Thailand, visit our PGT in Thailand page. You can also explore our guides and FAQ sections for additional insights.

Frequently asked questions

Is PGT biopsy painful?

No, PGT biopsy is performed on the embryo in the laboratory, not on the patient. The procedure does not cause any physical pain to the woman. The IVF cycle itself may involve some discomfort from injections and egg retrieval, but the biopsy is not felt.

How long does PGT biopsy take?

The biopsy procedure itself takes only a few minutes per embryo. However, the overall process from embryo culture to biopsy and freezing takes several days. The genetic analysis may take one to two weeks, depending on the laboratory.

Can PGT biopsy harm the embryo?

There is a small risk of embryo damage during biopsy, but it is rare when performed by an experienced embryologist. The procedure is designed to minimize harm, and most embryos survive the biopsy and freezing process. However, no procedure is completely risk-free.

What is the difference between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR?

PGT-A screens for aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes), PGT-M tests for specific single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR checks for structural chromosomal rearrangements. The biopsy procedure is similar, but the genetic analysis differs. Your doctor will recommend the appropriate type based on your situation.

Continue your research

• PGT in Thailand overview
• PGT and IVF guides
• Frequently asked questions

Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.