PGT-M for Single Gene Disorders in Thailand: Process and Cost

What Is PGT-M?

Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Monogenic disorders (PGT-M) is a technique used during IVF to identify embryos that carry a specific single gene disorder. It is designed for couples where one or both partners are known carriers of a genetic condition, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, or thalassemia. PGT-M allows embryologists to biopsy embryos and test them for the specific mutation before transfer, with the goal of selecting embryos that are unaffected.

It is important to understand that PGT-M does not guarantee a pregnancy or a healthy child. It is a screening tool that reduces the risk of passing on a known genetic condition, but it cannot detect all possible genetic abnormalities or ensure embryo viability.

PGT-M vs. Other PGT Types

PGT-M is distinct from PGT-A (aneuploidy testing) and PGT-SR (structural rearrangement testing). PGT-A screens for abnormal numbers of chromosomes, while PGT-SR detects chromosomal structural changes. PGT-M focuses specifically on single gene mutations. Some clinics may offer combined testing, but this should be discussed with your provider.

The Process of PGT-M in Thailand

1. Pre-Testing and Genetic Counseling

Before starting PGT-M, you must have a confirmed genetic diagnosis. This typically requires genetic reports from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Many clinics require a genetic counseling session to discuss inheritance patterns, testing limitations, and implications for the child.

2. Probe Development

PGT-M requires a customized genetic probe for your family’s mutation. This is a laboratory process where markers linked to the mutation are identified. Probe development can take several weeks to months, depending on the complexity of the mutation and the laboratory’s workload. Some clinics may have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can shorten the timeline.

You will need to provide blood samples from both partners and, if available, from an affected child or other family members. The probe is then validated before it can be used on embryos.

3. IVF Cycle and Embryo Biopsy

Once the probe is ready, you proceed with an IVF cycle. Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and fertilization are performed as usual. Embryos are cultured to the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6), and a few cells are biopsied from the trophectoderm (future placenta). The biopsy is then sent to the genetics laboratory for analysis.

4. Genetic Analysis and Embryo Selection

The laboratory uses the custom probe to test each embryo for the mutation. Results typically take 1–2 weeks. Embryos are classified as unaffected (free of the mutation), affected (carrying the mutation), or inconclusive. Only unaffected embryos are considered for transfer.

5. Embryo Transfer and Follow-Up

A frozen embryo transfer (FET) is usually performed in a subsequent cycle. After transfer, prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) is recommended to confirm the genetic status of the pregnancy, as PGT-M is highly accurate but not 100%.

Timeline Overview

The entire process from initial consultation to embryo transfer can take 4–8 months or longer. Key steps include:

• Genetic counseling and report review: 1–2 weeks
• Probe development: 4–12 weeks (or longer for rare mutations)
• IVF cycle (stimulation to biopsy): 4–6 weeks
• Genetic analysis: 1–2 weeks
• Frozen embryo transfer: 4–8 weeks after analysis

These are general estimates; actual timelines vary by clinic and individual circumstances.

Cost Considerations

The cost of PGT-M in Thailand varies widely depending on the clinic, the complexity of the probe, and the number of embryos tested. Typical cost components include:

• Genetic counseling and report review fees
• Probe development fee (often a one-time cost per mutation)
• IVF cycle costs (medications, monitoring, egg retrieval, lab fees)
• Embryo biopsy fee
• PGT-M analysis fee per embryo
• Embryo freezing and storage fees
• Frozen embryo transfer cycle costs

Some clinics offer package prices that include multiple cycles or a set number of embryos. It is essential to request a detailed cost breakdown from your chosen clinic. Prices are typically quoted in Thai baht or US dollars, and payment plans may be available.

Because exact figures are time-sensitive and clinic-specific, we recommend contacting clinics directly for current pricing.

Required Documents and Preparations

To begin the PGT-M process, you will need:

• Genetic test reports confirming the mutation(s) in the carrier(s)
• Medical records related to your fertility and general health
• Blood samples from both partners (and possibly affected family members) for probe development
• Passports and visas for travel to Thailand (if applicable)

Confirm with your clinic whether they require original documents or certified translations.

Questions to Ask Your Clinic

• What is the estimated timeline for probe development and the full cycle?
• What is the cost of probe development, and is it refundable if the cycle is canceled?
• How many embryos are typically needed for a reasonable chance of an unaffected embryo?
• What is the accuracy rate of PGT-M for our specific mutation?
• Do you offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing? What are the pros and cons?
• What happens if no unaffected embryos are available?
• What prenatal testing do you recommend after a PGT-M pregnancy?

Limitations and Risks

PGT-M is not foolproof. Risks include:

• No embryos may be unaffected, especially if the carrier is homozygous or if few embryos are produced.
• Inconclusive results may occur, requiring additional testing or discarding the embryo.
• Mosaicism (mixed cell lines) can complicate interpretation.
• Biopsy may damage the embryo, though the risk is low with experienced labs.
• PGT-M does not test for all genetic disorders; only the specific mutation is analyzed.

It is crucial to have realistic expectations and discuss all options with your genetic counselor and fertility specialist.

Alternatives to PGT-M

If PGT-M is not suitable or available, alternatives include:

• Prenatal diagnosis (CVS or amniocentesis) during a natural pregnancy, with the option to terminate if affected.
• Donor gametes (egg or sperm) from a non-carrier.
• Preimplantation genetic testing using polar body biopsy (less common).
• Adoption or remaining child-free.

Each option has its own ethical, emotional, and practical considerations.

Further Reading

For more information, explore our PGT in Thailand overview, patient guides, and frequently asked questions.

Frequently asked questions

How long does PGT-M probe development take in Thailand?

Probe development typically takes 4 to 12 weeks, but can be longer for rare or complex mutations. Some clinics have pre-validated probes for common mutations, which can reduce the time. Confirm the estimated timeline with your chosen clinic.

What genetic reports are needed for PGT-M?

You need a confirmed genetic diagnosis from a certified laboratory showing the specific mutation(s) in the carrier(s). Reports should include the gene name, mutation details, and inheritance pattern. Some clinics also require reports from affected family members for probe validation.

Is PGT-M covered by insurance in Thailand?

Insurance coverage for PGT-M is rare and varies by policy. Most patients pay out-of-pocket. Check with your insurance provider and clinic for any possible reimbursement or package deals.

Can PGT-M be combined with PGT-A?

Yes, many clinics offer combined PGT-A and PGT-M testing on the same biopsy. This screens for both chromosomal abnormalities and the specific single gene disorder. Discuss the additional cost and potential benefits with your clinic.

What happens if all embryos are affected?

If no unaffected embryos are available, options include using donor gametes, considering prenatal diagnosis in a future natural pregnancy, or exploring adoption. Your clinic and genetic counselor can help you explore alternatives.

Continue your research

• PGT in Thailand overview
• PGT and IVF guides
• Frequently asked questions

Medical information notice: This article is educational and does not replace individual assessment, diagnosis, genetic counselling or treatment advice from a licensed clinician. Provider services, availability, fees and policies should be verified directly before booking.